Declaration of Independence (New Zealand)

The signing of the Declaration

James Busby along with Henry Williams and William Colenso drafted the declaration. Māori had no say in the document. James Busby then called a hui (meeting) at Waitangi for Māori chiefs to sign the Declaration.

The Declaration of Independence was closely followed by the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.

NZHistory

This is a good website to get a first hand understanding on what the Declaration was about and what it meant for Māori.

• Enter ‘Declaration of Independence’ in the search box.
• Select the box for 'declaration of independence.'
• The article He Whakaputanga - Declaration of Independence lists some of the reasons why the Declaration was signed, reactions, interpretations and how it was put into practice.
• From here check out the image for He Whakaputanga document for an image of the Declaration which includes transcripts of the Māori and English versions.
• Check out the related article Treaty timeline for events leading up the Declaration of Independence and the Treaty of Waitangi.

Tips: Search words, or keywords, are the most important words in our question. We can always change our keywords or add more if we need to.

Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand

Te Ara is an excellent starting point for all questions about New Zealand Aotearoa. If we scroll down to the bottom of the page we can see that the website belongs to the Ministry for Culture & Heritage, so the information is well-researched and reliable.

• Scroll down the page to Sections and select Government and Nation, then Te Tiriti – the Treaty.
• Here you will find the link to He Whakaputanga - Declaration of Independence.
• This page leads to information on the background of the Declaration, it’s contents and the aftermath.

Tips: ‘External links and sources’ that appears at the end of most articles on Te Ara is always a good way to explore related material on your topic.

Topic Explorer (National Library)

Topic Explorer is an online tool that contains a wide range of quality resources for students in a range of formats on a variety of topics. The resources have been selected from reliable national and international databases. Scroll down the page to find:

• He Whakaputanga, Te Reo Māori
• He Whakaputanga, English

Tips: Remember to take a look at 'Related topics' that appears on the right hand side of each topic - to explore other related aspects of your topic.

The Ministry of Justice

This government ministry leads New Zealand on matters of justice. It’s website has links to important documents such as The Declaration and the Treaty of Waitangi.

• Search for 'Te Paparahi o Te Raki Inquiry'.
• Select the news item for Report on Stage 1 of the Te Paparahi o Te Raki Inquiry Released.
• Look to the bottom of the page for links to 2 PDF documents.
• Open Read part 1 of the report on Stage 1 of the Te Paparahi o Te Raki Inquiry.
• Read Chapter 4 He Whakaputanga and the Declaration of Independence.
• Or open Read part 2 of the report on Stage 1 of the Te Paprahi o Te Raki Inquiry.
• Chapters 6 and 7 explain The British move towards annexation and The Negotiation and signing of Te Tiriti.

Tips: We like sites like this because they’re reliable. You can tell because of their web address – they have either .govt or .ac, meaning they are from government or educational organisations. They’re also New Zealand sites, so relevant for us.

Bridget Williams Books

Bridget Williams Books (BWB) is a collection of digitised books about the Treaty of Waitangi. BWB is a part of EPIC — a collection of reliable databases covering lots of different topics. It’s put together especially for New Zealand school students and helps to answer questions like this.

• Read the ebook He Whakaputanga/The Declaration of Independence, 1835 which showcases the history of the document, images of the document, and the signatories.
• Read Chapter 1. An independent land - New Zealand to 1840 from the ebook An illustrated history of the Treaty of Waitangi by Claudia Orange. This chapter covers the history of New Zealand leading up to the Declaration of Independence.

Tips: To get to the EPIC resources you will need a password from your school librarian first. Or you can chat with one of our AnyQuestions librarians between 1 and 6 pm Monday to Friday and they will help you online. Some EPIC databases may also be available through your public library.

What the Declaration achieved

Over the years there have been discussions and interpretations on what the declaration actually achieved for Māori, and whether or not sovereignty was handed over as a result of the later signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.

Archives New Zealand - Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga

Guardians of New Zealand’s public archives, this government agency ensures that records of value are available to the public.

• Go to the tab Discover our stories and select The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.
• You will find here a short history of the document, as well as the original Te Reo version and English translation.
• Select View online to see each of the sheets, the drafts and the printed version of the Declaration of Independence.
• Scroll down to the end of the page and explore the links listed under Online resources to find more relevant information.

Māori Law Review

This website publishes monthly reviews of law affecting Māori. Reviews have been catalogued according to issues. There are two interesting reviews about the Declaration of Independence in light of the Treaty of Waitangi.

• Select Previous Issues from the menu on the right hand side of the page.
• Find the November 2014 issue to read Waitangi Tribunal finds Treaty of Waitangi signatories did not cede sovereignty in February 1840 and He Whakaputanga me te Tiriti: the Declaration and the Treaty - sovereignty in February 1840 - comment.

Tips: Websites that have .com or .co in the address can have good information, but you need to assess how reliable it is. Check the About us link on the website, if you can find one. That can tell you what the company’s mission and values are.

National Committee of New Zealand - Te Komiti o Aotearoa

UNESCO launched the Memory of the World programme in 1992. This site is part of the New Zealand Memory of the World Programme. It’s vision is to protect, preserve, recognise and make available heritage documents to the world.

1. Type 'He Whakaputanga' or 'Declaration of Independence' into the search box.
2. You will find a link to He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni .
3. Here you will find who signed the Declaration and who officially recognised this document when it was first signed.

Tips: Websites that have .org or .net in the address can have good information, but you need to assess how reliable it is. Check the About us link on the website, if you can find one. That can tell you what the organisation’s mission and values are.

The Declaration today

There continues to be some debate about what the Declaration means for Aotearoa New Zealand now, and what it will mean in the future.

New Zealand Geographic Online

New Zealand Geographic Online is a part of EPIC, a collection of reliable databases covering lots of different topics. It’s put together especially for New Zealand school students and helps to answer questions like this.

• Type the words ‘Declaration of Independence’ into the search.
• Select the article A Sovereign Act .
• This article is based on Ngāpuhi ’s more current view on whether or not sovereignty was surrendered by Māori in the Treaty of Waitangi, and if the Declaration was actually more important.

Tips: To get to the EPIC resources you will need a password from your school librarian first. Or you can chat with one of our AnyQuestions librarians between 1 and 6 pm Monday to Friday and they will help you online. Some EPIC databases may also be available through your public library.

He Tohu

He Tohu meaning ‘the signs’ is a permanent exhibition of three iconic documents that shaped New Zealand. The exhibition has been created in partnership between Crown and Māori. Students visiting the exhibition can choose from three programmes designed for students from Year 5 to 10. It provides free public access to:

• 1835 He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni - Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand
• 1840 Te Tiriti o Waitangi - Treaty of Waitangi
• 1893 Women’s Suffrage Petition - Te Petihana Whakamana Pōti Wahine

Tips: A website’s address (URL) can give you a hint about how reliable it is. Look for addresses in the results that include .govt or .edu in the URL. These are quality sites from national or overseas government or educational organisations.

E-Tangata

This is an online Sunday magazine about expressing Māori and Pacific views in New Zealand media.

• Find the search box and use the search words 'He Whakaputanga.'
• Read articles Without He Whakaputanga, there might have been no Treaty of Waitangi and He Whakaputanga: Partnership and power sharing.

Tips: Some websites have requests for financial contributions. It’s best to ignore these requests and focus on the information we’re looking for.

Books

There are only a few books written for students on He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni – Declaration of Independence, as most books focus on the Treaty of Waitangi.

Here are two recommended books - check out your local public or school library to see what they have.

• Two worlds meet by Tamsin Hanly.
• Treaty: a legal nullity by John Hatini.

SCIS no: 1832260